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- @node Geography (Arctic Ocean)
- @section Geography (Arctic Ocean)
-
- @display
-
- Location:
- body of water mostly north of the Arctic Circle
- Map references:
- Arctic Region, Asia, North America, Standard Time Zones of the World
- Area:
- total area:
- 14.056 million km2
- comparative area:
- slightly more than 1.5 times the size of the US; smallest of the world's
- four oceans (after Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Indian Ocean)
- note:
- includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, East Siberian
- Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, and
- other tributary water bodies
- Coastline:
- 45,389 km
- International disputes:
- some maritime disputes (see littoral states); Svalbard is the focus of a
- maritime boundary dispute between Norway and Russia
- Climate:
- polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual
- temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and
- stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by
- continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or
- snow
- Terrain:
- central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack that averages
- about 3 meters in thickness, although pressure ridges may be three times
- that size; clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream, but nearly
- straight line movement from the New Siberian Islands (Russia) to Denmark
- Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the ice pack is surrounded by open
- seas during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter and
- extends to the encircling land masses; the ocean floor is about 50%
- continental shelf (highest percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a
- central basin interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera,
- Nansen Cordillera, and Lomonsov Ridge); maximum depth is 4,665 meters in the
- Fram Basin
- Natural resources:
- sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and
- gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales)
- Environment:
- endangered marine species include walruses and whales; ice islands
- occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from
- glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; maximum snow
- cover in March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean and
- lasts about 10 months; permafrost in islands; virtually icelocked from
- October to June; fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from
- disruptions or damage
- Note:
- major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to the Pacific
- Ocean via the Bering Strait); ships subject to superstructure icing from
- October to May; strategic location between North America and Russia;
- shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and western Russia,
- floating research stations operated by the US and Russia
-
-
-
- @end display
-
- @node Government (Arctic Ocean)
- @section Government (Arctic Ocean)
-
- @display
-
- Digraph:
- XQ
-
-
-
- @end display
-
- @node Economy (Arctic Ocean)
- @section Economy (Arctic Ocean)
-
- @display
-
- Overview:
- Economic activity is limited to the exploitation of natural resources,
- including petroleum, natural gas, fish, and seals.
-
-
-
- @end display
-
- @node Communications (Arctic Ocean)
- @section Communications (Arctic Ocean)
-
- @display
-
- Ports:
- Churchill (Canada), Murmansk (Russia), Prudhoe Bay (US)
- Telecommunications:
- no submarine cables
- Note:
- sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes; the Northwest Passage
- (North America) and Northern Sea Route (Eurasia) are important seasonal
- waterways
-
-
-
- @end display
-